The History of Chemical Explosives

An explosion can be defined as the rapid expansion of a material or device that exerts a sudden pressure on its surroundings. It can be caused by one of three things: a chemical reaction that occurs during conversion of elemental compounds, a mechanical or physical impact, or a nuclear reaction on the atomic/subatomic level. Gasoline exploding when ignited is a chemical explosion brought about by the sudden conversion of a hydrocarbon to carbon dioxide and water. The explosion that occurs when meteor strikes the earth is a mechanical explosion. And a nuclear warhead explosion is the result of the nucleus of a radioactive substance, like plutonium, suddenly splitting apart in an uncontrolled fashion. But it is chemical explosives that are the most common form of explosives in human history, used both for creative/commercial and destructive effect. The strength of a given explosive is measured that the rate of expansion it exhibits during detonation. Lets look briefly at some common chemical explosives. Black Powder It is unknown who invented the first explosive black powder. Black powder, also known as gunpowder, is a mixture of saltpeter (potassium nitrate), sulfur, and charcoal (carbon). It originated in China around in the ninth century and was in wide use throughout Asia and Europe by the end of the 13th century. It was commonly used in fireworks and signals, as well as in mining and building operations. Black powder is the oldest form of ballistic propellant and it was used with early muzzle-type firearms and other artillery uses. In 1831, William Bickford an English leather merchant invented the first safety fuse. Using a safety fuse made black powder explosives more practical and safer. But because black powder is messy explosive, by the end of the 18th century it was replaced by high explosives and by cleaner smokeless powder explosives, such as what is currently used in firearm ammunition. Black powder is categorized as a low explosive because it expands and subsonic speeds when it detonates. High explosives, by contract, expand as supersonic speeds, thereby creating much more force. Nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin is a chemical explosive that was discovered by Italian chemist Ascanio Sobrero in 1846. It was the first explosive developed that was more powerful than black powder, Nitroglycerin is a mix of nitric acid, sulphuric acid, and glycerol, and it is highly volatile. Its inventor, Sobrero, warned against its potential dangers, but Alfred Nobel adopted it as a commercial explosive in 1864. Several serious accidents, however, caused pure liquid nitroglycerin to be widely banned, leading to Nobels eventual invention of dynamite. Nitrocellulose In 1846, Chemist Christian Schonbein discovered nitrocellulose, also called guncotton, when he accidentally spilled a mixture of potent nitric acid on a cotton apron and the apron exploded as it dried. Experiments by Schonbein and others quickly established a means of manufacturing guncotton safely, and because it had a clean, explosive power almost six times greater than black powder, it quickly was adopted for use as means for propelling projectiles in weapons.   TNT In 1863, TNT or Trinitrotoluene was invented by German chemist Joseph Wilbrand. Originally formulated as a yellow dye, its explosive properties were not immediately evident. Its stablity was such that it could be safely poured into shell casings, and in the early 20th century it came into standard usage for German and British military munitions. Considered a high explosive, TNT is still in common use by the U.S. military and by construction companies around the world.   Blasting Cap In 1865, Alfred Nobel invented the blasting cap. The blasting cap provided a safer and dependable means of detonating nitroglycerin. Dynamite In 1867, Alfred Nobel patented dynamite, a high explosive that consisted of a mixture of three parts nitroglycerine, one part diatomaceous earth (ground silica rock) as an absorbent, and a small amount of sodium carbonate antacid as a stabilizer. The resultant mixture was considerably safer than pure nitroglycerine, as well as being much more powerful than black powder. Other materials are now used as the absorbent and stabilizing agents, but dynamite remains the premier explosive for use in commercial mining and construction demolition. Smokeless Powders In 1888, Alfred Nobel invented a dense smokeless powder explosive called ballistite. In 1889, Sir James Dewar and Sir Frederick Abel invented another smokeless gunpowder called cordite. Cordite was made of  nitroglycerin, guncotton, and a petroleum substance gelatinized by addition of acetone. Later variations of these smokeless powders form the propellant for most modern firearms and artillery. Modern Explosives Since 1955, a variety of additional high explosives has been developed. Created mostly for military use, they also have commercial applications, such as in deep drilling operations.  Explosives such as nitrate-fuel oil mixtures or ANFO and ammonium nitrate-base water gels now account for seventy percent of the explosives market. These explosives come in various types including: HMXRDXHNIWONC

The Correlation And Sustainability Of Cross Sex Friendships

In this reflection, it will be argued that although cross-sex friendships are infinitely possible, it is only under certain conditions that they are probable in late modernity. This will be identified through discussion of Blatterer (2015a: 2015b: 2014) and supported using evidence from current journal articles. Blatterer (2014) identifies friendships as the freest of interactions, but states that they are also not free as they take place within the gendered order of society. That is to say, that the notion of friendship is infinitely possible between any individuals, but that it is not always probable, or for that matter sustainable. This reflection will focus – particularly – on the probability and sustainability of cross-sex friendships (hereafter CSF) in late modern societies. What is Cross-Sex Friendship anyway? Blatterer (2014) defines CSF as a non-romantic, non-familial and non-sexual relationship between two individuals of the opposite sex; this is supported by Bleske-Rechek (2012: 570), Miller, Dense, Diaz and Ranjit (2014: 310), and Schoonover and McEwan (2014: 388). That is not to say that CSF is to the exclusion of sexual or romantic interactions, but rather that these are not the platonic norm (Blatterer 2014: Bleske-Rechek 579, 589). Within this framework, Blatterer elects to –exclusively - discuss heterosexual CSF, as it can be understood very differently when one, or both individuals identify as other than heterosexual. From such a heterosexualShow MoreRelatedTeam Work and High Performance Organization21591 Words   |  87 Pagesinfluence of teamwork on diverse aspects of working conditions, such as job autonomy, job satisfaction, work intensity, productivity and the learning environment. 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Half the Sky Free Essays

As we read â€Å"Half the Sky† we were able to get a taste of how difficult the lives were for the women that were a part of these terrible doings to women. Coming from a family in which the majority is women, I cannot bare to see any women put in the situations that these women were put in; the daunting thing about the whole situation is that these heinous acts still exist today. As for the question, why is the desperate state of women in impoverished cultures also a great opportunity for them? This question is a very odd question because in the end there really is no good outcome to any of this. We will write a custom essay sample on Half the Sky or any similar topic only for you Order Now Too many women in these impoverished cultures they barely had enough money to put slippers on their feet. The brothels were many women were abducted and forced to do work by labor or sex is also a place where some of these women actually volunteered to work at. â€Å"Despite the knowing the knowledge of what actually occurs to women in these brothels, some women were so desperate for money that they voluntarily went in the brothel’s to work†. The fact is, is that these women’s backs were against the walls financially, mentally, and physically, some felt the only way out was to work and make money. Even though they knew what happens in these brothels. The fact that these types of things still exists baffles me every day. To actually think that in this day and age people still do things like this. One day hopefully sooner than later we will wake up and not be concerned about any of this. How to cite Half the Sky, Papers

Contract Evaluation

Questions: 1. Identify the requirements of the sample contract as outlined in the AHIMA Practice Brief: an offer acceptance of the offer consent consideration competent parties' legality requirement in writing?2. Does this contract address the HIPAA Business Associate requirements? If so, how?3. Are all of the required elements included in the contract? If yes, how well? If no, what is missing and why? 4. Is the format easy to read and understand? 5. What would you do to improve on the contract? Answers: 1. Identification of the Agreement: The requirements of the sample contract can consider to be the parties competence legality. This is because, the contract projects how the customers and the venders are needed to maintain their conditional approaches and what actual role they are needed to be played in attaining success of the project. 2. Evaluation of the Business Association Requirements Fulfilled: The contract successfully addresses the HIPAA Business Associate requirements which helps in delineating the stratgical policies (Palvia et al. 2010). The conditions set in this case are completely identical which helps in managing the conditional attributes and problems. 3. Whether All Required Elements Are Present: The contract format follows all the necessary elements and attains significance for the researcher. After going through the contract analysis, it is clear that almost all of the required elements have been kept together for maintaining more viability of the contract. Competency of all the required policies are essentially handled and managed (Goodman et al. 2011). How and in what situation the contract is viable for both the vendor and the customer is mentioned in this context. Upon the successful application of these strategies, it appears to be helpful to manage the documentation. The areas of restriction is also sophistically elaborated in context of the contract work. Even the conditions for all of these approaches are elaborately discussed in this contract. Application of essential attributes is helpful for the conditional development of the ethical practices (Whitten, Chakrabarty Wakefield, 2010). This contract approach states how the possible attributes are maintained and man aged. How the software approaches are needed to maintained is also discussed in the context of the contract. 4. Format of the Essay: The current format of the essay has apparently fulfilled all the criterions needed to be managed and applied in context of dealing. The contract covers all the people who seems to be the beneficiaries. Approaches of this essay is significant and intrinsic which helps in managing the ethical approaches (Mooi Ghosh, 2010). Though the write up quality of the contract is not so much sophisticated, but, one can easily understand all the necessary approaches. Legislative approaches are essentially managed and applied which enables in understanding the ethical approaches. Both the customers and vendors get satisfied in this approach. Delineation of the policies is significant and can be easily understood. The format of the essay is significant which helps eliminating all the ethical and sectional attributes. 5. Recommendation: After conducting the analysis and review of the different approaches, it is clear proprietary and confidential approaches are significantly managed. More clearance and viability of the approaches, if would have been maintained, it may have been better. Specific services provided by the vendors to the customers were needed to be mentioned which would able to control and avoid different problems. The negligence of the vendor towards the customer is to significantly manage. Payment structure is depicted in the contract, but if the specified structured is missed who would be the steps to be taken, is no way specified. Application of these approaches may have been significant for the contract. Reference List: Palvia, P. C., King, R. C., Xia, W., Palvia, S. C. J. (2010). Capability, quality, and performance of offshore IS vendors: a theoretical framework and empirical investigation. Decision Sciences, 41(2), 231-270. Goodman, K. W., Berner, E. S., Dente, M. A., Kaplan, B., Koppel, R., Rucker, D., Winkelstein, P. (2011). Challenges in ethics, safety, best practices, and oversight regarding HIT vendors, their customers, and patients: a report of an AMIA special task force.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association,18(1), 77-81. Whitten, D., Chakrabarty, S., Wakefield, R. (2010). The strategic choice to continue outsourcing, switch vendors, or backsource: Do switching costs matter?. Information Management, 47(3), 167-175. Mooi, E. A., Ghosh, M. (2010). Contract specificity and its performance implications. Journal of Marketing, 74(2), 105-120.