The Influence of Literature on the Monster Essays

The Influence of Literature on the Monster Essays The Influence of Literature on the Monster Paper The Influence of Literature on the Monster Paper I would likewise switch Plutarch Lives for A Separate Peace and Ruins of Empires for the Bible. Changing the perusing material of the beast would enormously affect how he acts and along these lines, changing the result of the story. Heaven Lost Is a strong perused, yet If the beast truly needs to learn and get nature and English, he needs a word reference. The conceivable outcomes of a word reference the most valuable of about all books. On the off chance that the beast had a word reference, he noisy not need to stress over listening stealthily on people groups discussions so as to learn. Heaven Lost is acceptable writing, yet won't assist him with enjoying a word reference would. With the beasts minor insight, a book, for example, this would be of incredible use to him. The subsequent change in books I picked was Where the Red Fern Grows. I think the most significant incentive in this book may help the animal is sympathy. Where the Red Fern Grows represents sympathy in numerous pieces of the book, as it respects a kid and his affection for his mutts. The animal can gain so much from this perusing since it can open his heart more. On the off chance that he does this than he can keep himself from hurting anyone, since he has the idea of empathy. In the event that he had found out about these great ideas from Where the Red Fern Grows, at that point It might have prevented him from empathy would push him to not to submit murder. Additionally, this aptitude would have helped him pardon Victor for not completing his arrangement of getting a female beast. With everything taken into account, a superior decision of perusing for the animal than Sorrows of a Young Writhe boisterous have been Where the Red Fern Grows, to more readily control himself and act increasingly polite. The third book that the beast initially read was Plutarch Lives. I traded it for A Separate Peace by John Knowles. I did this with the goal that the beast could improve handle on the subject that vengeance isn't the appropriate response. He expected to have a superior idea of this good since It would permit him to pardon Dry. Frankincense, and not execute his better half. The books shopping center pipeline Is concerning whether one kid ought to seek retribution or not. The animal needs to fill his psyche with writing that will relax is heart, and give him information, yet show him not to look for vengeance, for it Is Tilted, not sweet. At long last, the last book trade I would make is Volleys Ruins of Empires for The Bible. The good book is the most basic book at any point composed. It shows you how to live with God, numerous expressions of the English language, and it shows a huge amount of history. The animal would sincerely be getting the entire bundle on the off chance that he had the Bible. On the off chance that he follows the 10 Commandments in the Bible, he won't hurt any other individual. Departure 20:13 says You will not kill. On the off chance that he follows this, similar to his hypothetically will, at that point it will keep him from slaughtering different individuals! Additionally, Psalm 34 :14 says Turn from fiendish and do great; look for harmony and seek after it. This Bible refrain should lead him to use sound judgment and not hurt anybody any longer. My last Bible section is John 3:16, For God so adored the world that he gave his unrivaled Son, that whoever puts stock in him will not die however have endless life. This stanza would truly be a disclosure to the beast since it would give him somebody to converse with. I think if the beast had a genuine enactment with the Lord, no issues would have happened. All things considered, changing the perusing material of the animal could have truly forestalled some contention in the story. Every one of the four changed books ought to have helped the animal addition a superior comprehension of the ethical ideas of sympathy, and that vengeance doesn't pay, and not murder anyone. The Bible ought to get him in a relationship with God, affecting his dynamic in a positive way. On the off chance that the perusing material for the animal was changed, at that point possibly the result of the book would have been extraordinary.

Anime Essay Example For Students

Anime Essay Did some examination, since I dont truly follow refreshes for specialists. Utada Hikaru has discharged another collection some time back this year called This is the One and in there, one of the melodies grabbed my eye. The melody is called Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence FYI. Why this tune? Since the initial music is some way or another oriental and it was a change tune from the principle topic of the film Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence. I dont truly know why she pick this music to sing, yet all I know is that Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence fundamental signature music has been revamped a great deal of times. Portrayed from Wikipedia, Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence FYI sang by Utada Hikaru, the verses reference to the film too. Since Im no enthusiast of old films, particularly those during the 80s 90s (obviously, I despite everything like P. Ramlees motion pictures), it kept me inquisitive to need to watch the film. The principle signature music was created by Sakamoto Ryuichi, a calming tune and was positioned among the best in his music. Some change renditions, duplicated glue here: There is a 12 vinyl redo form on the popular Italian record mark DISCOMAGIC named Clock On 5 Theme From Furyo. A spread adaptation of Forbidden Colors is remembered for Hollywood Mon Amour, an assortment of tunes put on the map by their incorporation on soundtracks of motion pictures made during the 1980s, reworked by Marc Collin of Nouvelle Vague with Nadeah giving the vocals. In 2000, a re-blend of Ryuichi Sakamotos Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence called Heart of Asia was discharged in Europe by move bunch Watergate. In 2008, Indonesian vocalist Anggun utilized an example from this tune on Hymne a la compete a track on her collection Elevation. In 2009, Japanese-American pop vocalist Hikaru Utada utilized an example from this tune on her second English-language collection This Is the One, entitling her melody Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence FYI. . The verses reference to the film too. The tune is additionally utilized (in altered structure) as the signature tune to the Atari XE port of International Karate (for the Sydney stage) Japanese Post-Hardcore band FACT recorded a track by the title Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence on their self-titled collection.

Hypnotherapy for Panic Disorder

Hypnotherapy for Panic Disorder Panic Disorder Treatment Print How Hypnosis Can Help Ease Panic Disorder Symptoms By Katharina Star, PhD facebook linkedin Katharina Star, PhD, is an expert on anxiety and panic disorder. Dr. Star is a professional counselor, and she is trained in creative art therapies and mindfulness. Learn about our editorial policy Katharina Star, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 19, 2020 B. BOISSONNET / BSIP / Getty Images More in Panic Disorder Treatment Symptoms Diagnosis Coping Related Conditions Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is a term used to describe a wide variety of unconventional products and practices. These techniques have expanded and are now being used to treat a variety of both medical and mental health conditions. CAM techniques are considered “complementary,” to the more mainstream treatment options, such as medication or psychotherapy. There are several types of CAM, such as aromatherapy and acupuncture. Some CAM practices involve the area of mind and body medicine, including progressive muscle relaxation, guided imagery, yoga, and mindfulness meditation. Hypnotherapy is another form of this that has grown in popularity for the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders. The following describes more about this approach to treating panic disorder. What Is Hypnotherapy? Hypnotherapy is a technique used to assist a person in an altered state of consciousness, known as a trance. While in a hypnotic state, a person is deeply relaxed, keenly focused, and highly open to suggestibility. Also referred to as hypnosis, hypnotherapy is used to help manage a variety of health issues, including stress, skin conditions, weight loss, addiction, grief, ?sleep disorders, and smoking cessation.? During a typical hypnotherapy session, the hypnotist guides the client into a relaxed state. Once the client is feeling calm, yet alert, the hypnotist brings their attention to behaviors they would like to change. The hypnotist then offers words of encouragement, such as “You no longer feel stressed” or suggestions, like “Any time you feel stressed, you will pause, breathe, and feel energized.” After offering affirmations and suggestions of positive behavior, the hypnotist will guide the client gradually back to their regular state. Before ending the session, the hypnotist and the client will discuss the experience, including reactions, progress, and insights. The sessions may vary in duration  but often lasts for about one to one and a half hours. How Can Hypnotherapy Help With Panic and Anxiety Symptoms? Research has shown that hypnotherapy can help relieve stress, fear, and anxiety. It can also be used to help in coping with the symptoms of panic disorder. While under hypnosis, a person with panic disorder may be guided to bring attention to coping with specific symptoms and overcoming limiting behaviors. For example, once the hypnotist has helped the client become relaxed, he may ask the person to focus on their panic attacks. The person will bring awareness to the physical sensations, emotions, and cognitions associated with their attacks, such as chest pain, shaking, and fear. The hypnotist will use calming words of encouragement, like “You feel safe despite your discomfort” or “You are in control of your anxiety.” The hypnotist may also suggest ways to cope with these feelings, such as “Taking deep breaths during your panic attacks makes you feel calmer.” Hypnotherapy can also be used in the treatment of agoraphobia, a common condition for people with panic disorder. Agoraphobia involves a fear of having panic attacks under restrictive circumstances, including crowds or while driving. Hypnotherapy can allow a person to learn how to remain relaxed while facing these fears. The hypnotist can help the person focus on getting past their phobias and suggest ways to remain relaxed when in feared environments. Hypnotherapy can help a person with panic disorder improve self-esteem, overcome negative thinking, and manage troublesome symptoms. Additionally, hypnotherapy can assist in treating common co-occurring conditions, including depression, headaches and migraines, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Getting Treated With Hypnotherapy Hypnotherapy can be performed by a certified hypnotist or qualified mental health professional who has trained in this approach. Qualified hypnotists can be located through online resources, such as the National Board for Certified Clinical Hypnotherapists (NBCCH), the American Society of Clinical Hypnosis (ASCH), and the American Association of Professional Hypnotherapists (AAPH). The overall hypnotherapy experience can vary from person to person. Many people have reservations about hypnotherapy, fearing that they will lose control of their thoughts and actions. These concerns are understandable considering how often hypnotherapy has been shown in the media as a way to make people behave in wild and silly ways. Despite these negative connotations, hypnotherapy cannot make you act against your will. Rather, hypnotherapy helps build self-awareness and overcome unwanted behaviors. In fact, often treatment will involve helping the patient learn self-hypnosis, which allows the patient to use these techniques on his or her own in an ongoing way. When considering treatment for panic disorder, it is important to discuss your options with a physician or mental health provider. Talk to your doctor if you are experiencing the symptoms of panic disorder, including frequent worry, panic attacks, and nervousness. Only a qualified mental health specialist can provide you with an accurate diagnosis. Hypnotherapy may not be suitable for everyone. Peoples ability to use hypnosis may vary. Individuals with certain mental health conditions such as some instances of dissociative disorders, active substance abuse,  and psychotic disorders may not do well with hypnosis. Your doctor can advise you about including hypnotherapy in your treatment plan for panic disorder. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

The History of Chemical Explosives

An explosion can be defined as the rapid expansion of a material or device that exerts a sudden pressure on its surroundings. It can be caused by one of three things: a chemical reaction that occurs during conversion of elemental compounds, a mechanical or physical impact, or a nuclear reaction on the atomic/subatomic level. Gasoline exploding when ignited is a chemical explosion brought about by the sudden conversion of a hydrocarbon to carbon dioxide and water. The explosion that occurs when meteor strikes the earth is a mechanical explosion. And a nuclear warhead explosion is the result of the nucleus of a radioactive substance, like plutonium, suddenly splitting apart in an uncontrolled fashion. But it is chemical explosives that are the most common form of explosives in human history, used both for creative/commercial and destructive effect. The strength of a given explosive is measured that the rate of expansion it exhibits during detonation. Lets look briefly at some common chemical explosives. Black Powder It is unknown who invented the first explosive black powder. Black powder, also known as gunpowder, is a mixture of saltpeter (potassium nitrate), sulfur, and charcoal (carbon). It originated in China around in the ninth century and was in wide use throughout Asia and Europe by the end of the 13th century. It was commonly used in fireworks and signals, as well as in mining and building operations. Black powder is the oldest form of ballistic propellant and it was used with early muzzle-type firearms and other artillery uses. In 1831, William Bickford an English leather merchant invented the first safety fuse. Using a safety fuse made black powder explosives more practical and safer. But because black powder is messy explosive, by the end of the 18th century it was replaced by high explosives and by cleaner smokeless powder explosives, such as what is currently used in firearm ammunition. Black powder is categorized as a low explosive because it expands and subsonic speeds when it detonates. High explosives, by contract, expand as supersonic speeds, thereby creating much more force. Nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin is a chemical explosive that was discovered by Italian chemist Ascanio Sobrero in 1846. It was the first explosive developed that was more powerful than black powder, Nitroglycerin is a mix of nitric acid, sulphuric acid, and glycerol, and it is highly volatile. Its inventor, Sobrero, warned against its potential dangers, but Alfred Nobel adopted it as a commercial explosive in 1864. Several serious accidents, however, caused pure liquid nitroglycerin to be widely banned, leading to Nobels eventual invention of dynamite. Nitrocellulose In 1846, Chemist Christian Schonbein discovered nitrocellulose, also called guncotton, when he accidentally spilled a mixture of potent nitric acid on a cotton apron and the apron exploded as it dried. Experiments by Schonbein and others quickly established a means of manufacturing guncotton safely, and because it had a clean, explosive power almost six times greater than black powder, it quickly was adopted for use as means for propelling projectiles in weapons.   TNT In 1863, TNT or Trinitrotoluene was invented by German chemist Joseph Wilbrand. Originally formulated as a yellow dye, its explosive properties were not immediately evident. Its stablity was such that it could be safely poured into shell casings, and in the early 20th century it came into standard usage for German and British military munitions. Considered a high explosive, TNT is still in common use by the U.S. military and by construction companies around the world.   Blasting Cap In 1865, Alfred Nobel invented the blasting cap. The blasting cap provided a safer and dependable means of detonating nitroglycerin. Dynamite In 1867, Alfred Nobel patented dynamite, a high explosive that consisted of a mixture of three parts nitroglycerine, one part diatomaceous earth (ground silica rock) as an absorbent, and a small amount of sodium carbonate antacid as a stabilizer. The resultant mixture was considerably safer than pure nitroglycerine, as well as being much more powerful than black powder. Other materials are now used as the absorbent and stabilizing agents, but dynamite remains the premier explosive for use in commercial mining and construction demolition. Smokeless Powders In 1888, Alfred Nobel invented a dense smokeless powder explosive called ballistite. In 1889, Sir James Dewar and Sir Frederick Abel invented another smokeless gunpowder called cordite. Cordite was made of  nitroglycerin, guncotton, and a petroleum substance gelatinized by addition of acetone. Later variations of these smokeless powders form the propellant for most modern firearms and artillery. Modern Explosives Since 1955, a variety of additional high explosives has been developed. Created mostly for military use, they also have commercial applications, such as in deep drilling operations.  Explosives such as nitrate-fuel oil mixtures or ANFO and ammonium nitrate-base water gels now account for seventy percent of the explosives market. These explosives come in various types including: HMXRDXHNIWONC

The Correlation And Sustainability Of Cross Sex Friendships

In this reflection, it will be argued that although cross-sex friendships are infinitely possible, it is only under certain conditions that they are probable in late modernity. This will be identified through discussion of Blatterer (2015a: 2015b: 2014) and supported using evidence from current journal articles. Blatterer (2014) identifies friendships as the freest of interactions, but states that they are also not free as they take place within the gendered order of society. That is to say, that the notion of friendship is infinitely possible between any individuals, but that it is not always probable, or for that matter sustainable. This reflection will focus – particularly – on the probability and sustainability of cross-sex friendships (hereafter CSF) in late modern societies. What is Cross-Sex Friendship anyway? Blatterer (2014) defines CSF as a non-romantic, non-familial and non-sexual relationship between two individuals of the opposite sex; this is supported by Bleske-Rechek (2012: 570), Miller, Dense, Diaz and Ranjit (2014: 310), and Schoonover and McEwan (2014: 388). That is not to say that CSF is to the exclusion of sexual or romantic interactions, but rather that these are not the platonic norm (Blatterer 2014: Bleske-Rechek 579, 589). Within this framework, Blatterer elects to –exclusively - discuss heterosexual CSF, as it can be understood very differently when one, or both individuals identify as other than heterosexual. From such a heterosexualShow MoreRelatedTeam Work and High Performance Organization21591 Words   |  87 Pagesinfluence of teamwork on diverse aspects of working conditions, such as job autonomy, job satisfaction, work intensity, productivity and the learning environment. 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Half the Sky Free Essays

As we read â€Å"Half the Sky† we were able to get a taste of how difficult the lives were for the women that were a part of these terrible doings to women. Coming from a family in which the majority is women, I cannot bare to see any women put in the situations that these women were put in; the daunting thing about the whole situation is that these heinous acts still exist today. As for the question, why is the desperate state of women in impoverished cultures also a great opportunity for them? This question is a very odd question because in the end there really is no good outcome to any of this. We will write a custom essay sample on Half the Sky or any similar topic only for you Order Now Too many women in these impoverished cultures they barely had enough money to put slippers on their feet. The brothels were many women were abducted and forced to do work by labor or sex is also a place where some of these women actually volunteered to work at. â€Å"Despite the knowing the knowledge of what actually occurs to women in these brothels, some women were so desperate for money that they voluntarily went in the brothel’s to work†. The fact is, is that these women’s backs were against the walls financially, mentally, and physically, some felt the only way out was to work and make money. Even though they knew what happens in these brothels. The fact that these types of things still exists baffles me every day. To actually think that in this day and age people still do things like this. One day hopefully sooner than later we will wake up and not be concerned about any of this. How to cite Half the Sky, Papers

Contract Evaluation

Questions: 1. Identify the requirements of the sample contract as outlined in the AHIMA Practice Brief: an offer acceptance of the offer consent consideration competent parties' legality requirement in writing?2. Does this contract address the HIPAA Business Associate requirements? If so, how?3. Are all of the required elements included in the contract? If yes, how well? If no, what is missing and why? 4. Is the format easy to read and understand? 5. What would you do to improve on the contract? Answers: 1. Identification of the Agreement: The requirements of the sample contract can consider to be the parties competence legality. This is because, the contract projects how the customers and the venders are needed to maintain their conditional approaches and what actual role they are needed to be played in attaining success of the project. 2. Evaluation of the Business Association Requirements Fulfilled: The contract successfully addresses the HIPAA Business Associate requirements which helps in delineating the stratgical policies (Palvia et al. 2010). The conditions set in this case are completely identical which helps in managing the conditional attributes and problems. 3. Whether All Required Elements Are Present: The contract format follows all the necessary elements and attains significance for the researcher. After going through the contract analysis, it is clear that almost all of the required elements have been kept together for maintaining more viability of the contract. Competency of all the required policies are essentially handled and managed (Goodman et al. 2011). How and in what situation the contract is viable for both the vendor and the customer is mentioned in this context. Upon the successful application of these strategies, it appears to be helpful to manage the documentation. The areas of restriction is also sophistically elaborated in context of the contract work. Even the conditions for all of these approaches are elaborately discussed in this contract. Application of essential attributes is helpful for the conditional development of the ethical practices (Whitten, Chakrabarty Wakefield, 2010). This contract approach states how the possible attributes are maintained and man aged. How the software approaches are needed to maintained is also discussed in the context of the contract. 4. Format of the Essay: The current format of the essay has apparently fulfilled all the criterions needed to be managed and applied in context of dealing. The contract covers all the people who seems to be the beneficiaries. Approaches of this essay is significant and intrinsic which helps in managing the ethical approaches (Mooi Ghosh, 2010). Though the write up quality of the contract is not so much sophisticated, but, one can easily understand all the necessary approaches. Legislative approaches are essentially managed and applied which enables in understanding the ethical approaches. Both the customers and vendors get satisfied in this approach. Delineation of the policies is significant and can be easily understood. The format of the essay is significant which helps eliminating all the ethical and sectional attributes. 5. Recommendation: After conducting the analysis and review of the different approaches, it is clear proprietary and confidential approaches are significantly managed. More clearance and viability of the approaches, if would have been maintained, it may have been better. Specific services provided by the vendors to the customers were needed to be mentioned which would able to control and avoid different problems. The negligence of the vendor towards the customer is to significantly manage. Payment structure is depicted in the contract, but if the specified structured is missed who would be the steps to be taken, is no way specified. Application of these approaches may have been significant for the contract. Reference List: Palvia, P. C., King, R. C., Xia, W., Palvia, S. C. J. (2010). Capability, quality, and performance of offshore IS vendors: a theoretical framework and empirical investigation. Decision Sciences, 41(2), 231-270. Goodman, K. W., Berner, E. S., Dente, M. A., Kaplan, B., Koppel, R., Rucker, D., Winkelstein, P. (2011). Challenges in ethics, safety, best practices, and oversight regarding HIT vendors, their customers, and patients: a report of an AMIA special task force.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association,18(1), 77-81. Whitten, D., Chakrabarty, S., Wakefield, R. (2010). The strategic choice to continue outsourcing, switch vendors, or backsource: Do switching costs matter?. Information Management, 47(3), 167-175. Mooi, E. A., Ghosh, M. (2010). Contract specificity and its performance implications. Journal of Marketing, 74(2), 105-120.

The role of US Government on Abortions

Abortion has been a contentious issue in the American society. The society has been controlling fertility using abortion irrespective of its legality. The United States legalised this practice before 1880; afterwards, it was banned in most states but only allowed when a woman’s life was to be saved or in case a woman’s life was in danger.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The role of US Government on Abortions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Traditionally, women practiced abortion amid public support and no court conviction (Libertarianism). Notably, during this time even the Church did not lead a repression against this act. Before the 19th century, women could assist each other in the abortion process. Women healers in US openly trained other women to abort without judicial interventions. The US government has overtime remained in focus on abortion issues. Historical court rulings reveal t he divisions that have existed in the US on the topic of abortion. The government has been changing positions on this issue with numerous amendments. This has been due to the differences in opinion between the Democrats and Republicans on abortion. In the early 1800, there was no law touching on abortion for women, it was not easy for them to refuse to go along with abortion practices hence eliminating the need for it (Abortion | American Civil Liberties Union). The US government has ensured that women experiencing inferior abortions and affected by abdominal infections are treated in the emergency wards that were established in some of their hospitals. Markedly, the doctors were the ones allowed to perform this process. If abortion was to be done to a young female, the doctors were to inform their parents before carrying out this operation. This information was to remove any liability from the doctor in case of any risk that can arise like death of the young female. In 1973, in a c ase between Roe versus Wade, the Supreme Court ruled that a woman should be the one to decide when to have an abortion. This Amendment Concept of Human Liberty was considered as a right of privacy. In Roe versus Wade, the term ‘right of privacy’ was viewed as broad to include whether a woman opts to abort or not. Notably, this ruling legalised abortion in the US. During this time, the government initiative that supports health care, Medicaid, offered funding to women who wanted to stop pregnancy. The land-mark ruling by the Supreme Court made women have the legal right to abortion.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This ruling ensured that the women’s rights were entrenched in the constitution. Therefore, barriers of whichever nature to abortion were deemed to be unconstitutional at this point. It is clear that the government was not able to determine out r ightly when life begins. The Texas and Georgia court rulings left a key question on whether a foetus has right to life or not. Obviously, the rulings had little concern for the life of the unborn babies; therefore, presuming that life begins at the start of the third trimester and not necessarily at conception. The third trimester is a period between the 7th and the 9th month of pregnancy. Therefore, the government removed all restrictions that were on abortion between conception and the sixth month. In Doe versus Bolton’s case in Georgia, Justice Harry Blackmun ruled that the life of a mother encompasses her emotional, physical, psychological and family well-being. This ruling also gave room for abortion even at the 3rd trimester since a woman’s health was given more priority than the life of the foetus. Conversely, in 1977 the federal government offered to limit Medicaid funding to support abortion. By 1981, the government no longer allowed all the above exceptions. Overtime, abortion raised different opinions. This continuity led to reacceptance of the three exceptions. Currently, the Hyde amendment has all the three exceptions as the only reasons that can make one carry out abortion. Markedly, the ban on Medicaid for funding abortion significantly affects low income females. Civil discussion came to an agreement that a pregnant woman and her doctor have a legal right to whether to abort or not and only if her health is in danger that she is forced to terminate the pregnancy. The US government started to fund trimester abortions to help poor pregnant women whose health were in danger. The government also required parents to be involved in case their children are involved in abortion practices. They were to be informed by the doctors verbally or in writing, failure of which penalties are to follow. In Thornburg versus American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of 1986, the Supreme Court changed that the 3rd trimester abortions should t ake into concern the life of the child in preference to the mother’s life.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The role of US Government on Abortions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, women were to be trained on prenatal development, educated on abortion alternatives and informed on risks that accompany abortion. Citizens began to avoid abortion practices although the abortion law remained in force. Most states began restricting abortion by instituting legislative measures following the 1986 court ruling. The year 1989 marked a drastic shift from the earlier rulings on when life begins. In Webster versus Reproductive Health Services, the court declared that life begins at conception and that the federal government has no interest on the development of the foetus during pregnancy. In Planned Parenthood versus Casey case of 1992, the court ruled that when performing an abortion, 24 hours wa iting period should be given to the victim. This was meant to prepare the woman psychologically hence have a full consent of abortion. The Hyde amendment having restricted funding abortion placed low income women at risk since they could take a lot of time struggling to meet the cost of abortion. These women even lacked insurance covers on abortion. These women could even opt to receive support from untrained practitioners, which is always unsafe and illegal. This amendment denies women abortion services even in case of serious mental or health problems. The differences in earning levels of American women show marginalization that the amendment has entrenched. It denied poor women basic reproductive health care. Others are of the view that the amendment has infringed on the right of the womenfolk. However, they could get funds during the late stages of pregnancy which is always accompanied by high health risks. In 2000, the US government rejected partial birth control because it did not protect the life of a pregnant woman. The life of a pregnant woman was to be considered and be protected (History of Abortion). The government highly supported the use of contraceptives. The US government encouraged women to use them to prevent the unplanned pregnancies. In case of full term pregnancy or rape, federal medical funds were expelled to pay for abortion, but only if the woman’s health was at risk. This initiative saw 17 states in the US pay for abortions of underprivileged women as others were paid by public funds. The Partial-Birth Abortion Act of 2003 passed legislation that a doctor found performing a partial birth control was to be imprisoned for two years while a woman undergoing the procedure was not be prosecuted with an indemnity to save her life. In addition, charges against the mother or the doctor should be introverted as it was considered as a way of prohibiting abortion.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Life was considered to begin at conception. The senate in 2011 removed abortion coverage for women who were raped in the military as they argued that the military are pro-life (History of Abortion). However, abortion coverage still remained in force for civilians who were employed by the federal and state governments. Nevertheless, Pentagon funds were used to cover the abortion procedure in cases where a mother’s life was in danger. Federal tax dollars were kept in separate domestic accounts as per the US government; this was to take care of abortion cases. Those with unlimited options had to pay at least $1per month to help in supporting them in case of abortion (Torre). According to this law, any person interested in signing for the public option, a federally administered programme, paid for abortion treatment. According to Vice President Joe Biden, life begins at conception; therefore, abortion process stops the life of an innocent soul. This is also in line with the churc h teachings. He ensured that the government took an initiative to illegalise abortion unless under certain circumstances. The government ensured public justice by protecting the primary life-giving of its people and offering supportive conditions in nurturing children, in the society. In case of unplanned pregnancies, the government had to take corrective measures to prevent reoccurrence of the problem rather than promoting abortion on the basis of individual sovereignty. Additionally, the government ensured that families took the responsibility of bringing up their children. The US government instituted counselling services on health of both the child and the mother, pregnancy and adoption services hence minimising abortion practices. Massive counselling on the impacts of abortion reduced abortion rate tremendously. This idea has been acknowledged by religions especially the Catholic Church which believes that life begins at conception. They were at the frontline in offering pregna ncy counselling on impacts of abortion to women (History of Abortion). The Church believed that abortion was an act against the will of God. According to the Church, life begins at conception; therefore, any attempt to carry out abortion at any point of pregnancy contravenes the will of God. In addition, the Church held that the act was also contravening human beings right to life. A few citizens in the US came out to oppose the government funding on abortion. However, when asked to give reasons for their opposition, only 3% supported funding of abortion while 8% said that there was a possibility that the government is spending a lot of money towards abortion. However, the US government held that they were only supporting reforms on abortion. The government has gone ahead to establish emergency wards in some hospitals just to ensure that the life of a mother undergoing abortion illegally is saved. The Pew Research of 2009 showed that 42% support the idea but around 38% proposals opp ose it (Abortion Plays Small Role in Health Reform Opposition). An inclusion of this policy supporting funding of abortion will encourage women to engage in abortion practices. Nonetheless, only 28% of the proposals wanted it be included thus causing division during the health care debate. As 42% of the citizens wanted abortion to be covered with government benefit, 49% were of the contrary idea. The US government has tried to illegalise abortion since the majority of its citizens has agreed that it should be allowed when the life of the pregnant mother is in danger (Abortion Plays Small Role in Health Reform Opposition). Opposition of healthcare reforms was turned down even before the house passed its report. Although these debates took place, some US citizens still remained undecided about the proposals. Nevertheless, the government continued to support the abortion reforms just to ensure its citizens are able to support and contribute towards the reforms. This legislation saw a 5 % decline in abortion practices, the biggest one-year decrease in ten years. Experts held that the decrease in the rate of abortion was as a result of the harsh economic condition that was experienced worldwide. The situation made women to be so careful with their sexual lives. In 2009, the Centre for Birth Control collected data which indicated that both rate and number of abortion fell to 5% (Sherratt). For example, California reported high decrease of abortion rates as a result of the implementation of these policies. Researchers found that out of 1000 females who are capable of giving birth, about 16 underwent abortion in 2008 while 15 did abortion in 2009; this interpreted to almost 38,000 less abortion in one year. The use of contraceptives; the pills, patch, intrauterine device (IUD), T-shaped plastic sperm-killer, provided by the government for both women and teenagers contributed the decline of abortion. Another cause for the abortion decline was due to morning after pills. It was accessible to many women and teenagers because it was to be sold to women above 18 years in 2006; however, in 2007 the age was lowered to 17. Morning after pills is a form of emergency contraception. Elizabeth Ananat, a Duke University assistant professor, held that abortion should be restricted by controlling pregnancy through the provision of birth control techniques (Sherratt). In 2009, President Obama lifted restrictions that were on the funding of abortion. During this time, the senate was under the control of the pro-abortion while the House of Representatives was under the control of the anti-abortion law makers (Robinson). His predecessor affirmed the restrictions on the Medicaid funding on abortion. During Bush’s reign, there were no funds for family planning services that were given to bodies that conducted abortion. So serious was this restriction that even non-US government funds could not find their way into supporting family planning services. This rule has been reinstated and rescinded among the Republicans and Democrats Head of States. For instance, Bill Clinton ensured that taxpayers’ funds were used to support abortion but when Bush took Office, he removed the funding. Currently, the Obama administration has rescinded the law. Bush, during his times, upheld that no single taxpayers’ money should be used to support abortions. This reinstatement of the law went down well with the anti-abortions. These groups of people felt that it was a clear betrayal to American taxpayers who at the time were under a financial crisis. This law was known as the Mexico City Policy. They cited an example of over $400 million that US spent overseas on family planning activities. On the other hand, the anti-laws argue that the law minimize dangerous abortions and deaths that are conducted in the back streets of poor nations. A denial on contraception, they believe has created low funding to overseas organizations tasked with offering fa mily-planning and healthcare services. This law has led to different opinions among US citizens as they are divided between the Democrats and the Republicans position. It has been used as a tit for tat game when the main US political parties shift at the White House. The lifting of the restriction has seen a steady increase in the number of terminated lives. For instance, in 2011, close to 329,445 abortions were carried out; this is far much higher than those abortions carried out in 2010. Statistically, over 18 million abortions had been carried out since the Supreme Court’s ruling on Roe versus Wade’s case in 1973. The department of Planned Parenthood received $542.4 million to use in supporting abortion. Again, black women are 5 times more to perform an abortion than white women. As a result, over 1, 876 lives of black children are terminated through abortion every day in the US. Abortion has tremendously reduced the number of black Americans. This topic has been so controversial with others argue that the government should not force its citizens to pay taxes which are going to be used in stopping innocent lives. Those for the law argue that the US citizens are paying for acts they do not do; therefore, the extra abortion costs should be met by the victims. They go ahead to reveal that even if a woman becomes pregnant due to rape, the child is innocent and should not be aborted at any cost. The government should not demand to acquire tax from its citizens. The right of a woman to abort should not entitle her to the federal funds. Most citizens believe that it is their constitutional right to carry out abortion. This idea has received backings from the Democrats and the Supreme Court. They feel it is necessary to offer funding for family planning and abortion in case a woman’s life is in danger. On the other hand, the Republican Party has held that life termination through abortion is illegal; as a result, the government should not pay f or such illegal activities. From this point, it is clear that the US government has been changing their position on abortion depending on the political party that takes control of the White House. The two main political parties hold different ideologies on this contentious topic. Presently, some legislators are lobbying to pass laws that will totally deny all women from buying insurance policies that cover abortion. Abortion affects directly the lives of both the mother and the foetus. With different opinions on abortion by the main political parties in the US, the citizens, especially women remained divided on the way forward and the ideology to hold. This issue is so serious; therefore, requires politicians not to play politics with it. Since some abortions cause multiple deaths, that is, the mother and the unborn baby, the government ought to leave this issue to the women themselves to decide on the way forward (Cox). Moreover, issues of life and death have direct psychological r epercussions to the family of the deceased. For instance, there are working class women who in case of death, their families remain affected economically and socially. Death of a spouse due to abortion also shows unpreparedness in a family. In addition, the government does not always offer monetary support to children who are orphaned due to abortion, an act that they offer financial support through Medicaid. Therefore, the government ought to leave this issue to the women themselves to decide and fund the entire process. In terms of human rights, terminating the life of the unborn child is ethically wrong. This practice encourages unsafe and unplanned sex among people in the American society as they believe that they will get support from the government in order to undergo an abortion. The Republican opinion on abortion that no taxpayers’ money should be used to end the life of God’s creature should be upheld. It also encourages carelessness in sexual activities. This can lead to spread of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) like HIV/AIDS, syphilis, gonorrhoea among others. HIV/AIDS, for instance, is incurable, and from the World Health Organization’s statistics, the disease has caused numerous negative impacts across all sectors in the world. The removal of government support will improve the societal moral behaviours as they will view abortion as an evil and illegal activity that is prosecuted in a court of law. The US government, therefore, should shun away from meeting abortion costs among its citizens. A scrutiny of government expenditure shows that the US government uses over $542.4 million to fund abortion related activities. This cash can be directed to other programs like environmental conservation, enhancing food security in the third world countries, and sponsoring needy children in the society. For sure, this is a misplaced initiative by the government (Burneson). The government should leave abortion to be a personal choice a mong women as their involvement cost taxpayers millions of dollars. Whatever a woman does with her body should be of minimal concern to the government. The government should offer guidance and risks involved in abortion. The choice to abort or not should be left to a woman and her husband thereby avoiding public debates which will make it look controversial. If the government can leave this issue to be discussed privately among couples, then, the numerous life terminations will reduce tremendously. For instance, in a society where to remain unmarried to a woman is a leading cause for stigma, pregnancy will be the worst acts that women will want to happen to them. In fact, it will instil discipline among women. On the other front, government’s strict legislation on abortion can make pregnant women to sought for abortion from backstreet health centres with untrained ‘doctors’. Another ordeal involves conducting ultrasound of the foetus where women view and listen t o a given description. This proves traumatic. The strict legislation will directly affect the life of the victims; therefore, the victim should be left with this option of undergoing an abortion or not (Abortion Should Not Be Up For Debate). People hold different beliefs in their lifetimes. In this perspective, ones beliefs should not interfere with others. It also implies that the government should not take sides on this as it may be forcing others to abide by other people’s beliefs. The times for dictatorial leadership are long gone, unless the US government wants to take its citizens back to the middle ages; it should be up to the women to decide on what to do with their lives. Government involvement on the topic of abortion whether they support it or not causes severe effects to the lives of its citizens. On one side, government support to abortion through funding can make many women to engage in unprotected sex as they know that they will receive government support in or der to carry out an abortion. In addition, this support will go against other citizens’ beliefs; for example, the Catholics who hold that such practices are evil as they sum up to murder of innocent souls. On the other hand, the government restrictions on abortion may cause dissatisfaction among women who their lives may be in danger during the pregnancy period. Further, unplanned pregnancies may be aborted under risky conditions as the government has not legalised those centres thereby enhancing secrecy. One should be allowed to make and implement his/her decision freely. The freedom of choice is a fundamental law that the government should not interfere with at all times. For instance, if a woman believes that abortion is an immoral act, she will not practice it, and the government should also not come in to convince her that, at times, it can be done. On the other hand, if another woman wants an abortion, it will remain her own choice and not somebody else. In this situati on, the government should keep off in attempting to assist or hinder her abortion process. Instead of engaging in criticisms, women should be given psychological, moral and emotional support in order to go through the process. US should copy how Belgium handles her women during abortion periods. For example, a woman sees a psychologist before going through the procedure. Notably, the role of the psychologist is not to convince the woman to rescind on her decision of aborting but to continue counselling on her own decision (Abortion Should Not Be Up For Debate). Since abortion may come with challenging and stressful situations, it remains the role of the psychologist to guide the women on how to handle these challenges as they come. In any case the counselling process may alter the woman’s idea; she is allowed to take time off and come back later for further counselling. This Belgium’s move upholds the freedom of choice among its citizens. The US government should not i nterfere with personal decisions that directly affect its citizens. An attempt to meddle in this issue has been viewed as a possible way of contravening an individual’s beliefs and practices. Abortion should not be of foremost concern or debatable in the US but be left for women and their husbands to discuss in private places. It has also been noted that funding abortion has made taxpayers spend millions of dollars annually. Abortion, therefore, should be left to a woman to decide whether to perform it or not. Works Cited Abortion Plays Small Role in Health Reform Opposition. Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. Pew Research Center, 19 Nov. 2009. Web. Abortion Should Not Be Up For Debate. Policymic.com. Policymic Inc., n.d. Web. Abortion | American Civil Liberties Union. American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). ACLU, n.d. Web. Burneson, Steven. â€Å"Polar Politics: Abortion should not be an issue considered by government .† CollegiateTimes.com. Educational Media Company, 17 Dec. 2012. Web. Cox, William John. â€Å"Abortion: The Government’s Choice? Women’s Reproductive Rights in the New America.† Global Research. Global Research, 27 Oct. 2008. Web. History of Abortion. Feminist.com. Touchstone, n.d. Web. Libertarianism. Libertarianism. The Advocates for Self-Government, n.d. Web. Robinson, Ba . â€Å"U.S. LAWS RESTRICTING ABORTION.† All about religious tolerance: the ReligiousTolerance.org web site. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, 31 Jan. 2008. Web. Sherratt, Timothy. â€Å"Religion, Abortion and the Role of Government.† Capital Commentary | Center for Public Justice. Center for Public Justice, 19 Oct. 2012. Web. Torre, Sarah. â€Å"Planned Parenthood Sets Record for Abortions and Government Funding.† The Foundry: Conservative Policy News Blog from The Heritage Foundation |. N.p., 9 Jan. 2013. Web. This research paper on The role of US Government on Abortions was written and submitted by user Drew Cox to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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Vrouwen in topfuncties

Vrouwen in topfuncties Vrouwen in topfuncties 1. Inleiding 2. Wat is een topfunctie? 3. Vrouwen op de arbeidsmarkt en in topfuncties 3.1 Hoe is de situatie nu met vrouwen op de totale arbeidsmarkt? 3.2 Hoe is de situatie nu met het aantal vrouwen in topfuncties? 4. Oorzaken 4.1 Wat zijn de oorzaken van het grote verschil in aantal mannen en vrouwen in topfuncties? 5. Quotum 5.1 Waarom zou de overheid een quotum voor het aantal vrouwen in topfuncties in willen stellen? 5.2 Waarom zouden bedrijven een quotum voor het aantal vrouwen in topfuncties in willen stellen? 5.3 Hoe kijkt de bevolking aan tegen een quotum? 5.4 Waarom zou er geen quotum ingesteld moeten worden? 6. Mogelijkheden om arbeidsparticipatie van vrouwen te verhogen 6.1 Welke mogelijkheden zijn er om de arbeidsparticipatie van vrouwen te verhogen op de totale arbeidsmarkt? 6.2 Welke mogelijkheden zijn er om de arbeidsparticipatie van vrouwen de verhogen in topfuncties? 7. Conclusie Bijlagen 1. Inleiding Het onderwerp van ons profielwerkstuk is vrouwen in topfuncties. Al jaren is er veel aandacht voor het lage aantal vrouwen in topfuncties. Uit onderzoeken van het Europese statistiekbureau Eurostat en headhuntersbedrijf Woman Capital blijkt dat Nederland internationaal gezien bijzonder laag scoort als het gaat om het aantal vrouwen in de top. Voorzitter van de FNV, Agnes Jongerius, zegt ook in een artikel van de volkskrant van 2 april 2008 dat Nederland samen met Botswana ergens onderaan bungelt qua vrouwen in topfuncties en dat wanneer het niet wettelijk verplicht wordt er weinig zal veranderen. Sinds 2007/2008 wordt in Nederland gedebatteerd over een quotum om het aantal vrouwen in topfuncties te verhogen. We hebben vrouwen in topfuncties als onderwerp voor ons profielwerkstuk gekozen, omdat het een erg actueel onderwerp is. We vinden het interessant om te kijken waarom er zoveel aandacht is in de politiek en media voor de kleine doorstroom vrouwen naar topfuncties en waardoor dit komt. Ook zijn we benieuwd of een instelling van een quotum een verandering in de mannencultuur in topfuncties kan brengen. Onze hoofdvraag luidt als volgt: Is het een verbetering als er een quotum komt voor vrouwen in topfuncties?. Wij denken dat we niet op een duidelijk ja of nee zullen uitkomen, omdat verbetering een groot begrip is. Er is geen duidelijke maatstaaf waarmee wij kunnen meten of het quotum een verbetering is. Bovendien zal het quotum, als het wordt ingevoerd, pas in 2012 ingevoerd worden en is de werkelijke verbetering dus nu nog niet te meten en kunnen we alleen nog spreken vanuit verwachtingen. Het doel van ons profielwerkstuk is dat we in onze conclusie kunnen motiveren wat de positieve veranderingen zullen zijn van de instelling van het quotum en wat de negatieve veranderingen zullen zijn, maar dus nog geen duidelijke uitspraak of het quotum zal leiden tot een verbetering. Om onze hoofdvraag te kunnen beantwoorden, hebben we de volgende deelvragen opgesteld: 1. Wat is een topfunctie? 2.1 Hoe staan vrouwen op de gehele arbeidsmarkt? 2.2 Hoe staan vrouwen op de arbeidsmarkt van topfuncties? 3.1 Waarom moet er een quotum voor het aantal vrouwen in topfuncties worden ingesteld? 3.2 Waarom zou een quotum voor het aantal vrouwen in topfuncties niet ingesteld moeten worden? 4.1 Welke manieren zijn er om de arbeidsparticipatie van vrouwen te verhogen? 4.2 Welke manieren zijn er om de arbeidsparticipatie van vrouwen in topfuncties te verhogen, naast een quotum? 5.1 Kunnen vrouwen topfuncties bekleden? 5.2 Willen vrouwen topfuncties bekleden? 5.3 Is de instelling van een quotum juridisch haalbaar? De antwoorden op deze vragen willen we op twee manieren verzamelen. De eerste manier is informatie verzamelen via internet. Hierbij is de website van het Centraal Bureau van Statistiek (CBS) een grote informatiebron voor ons, onder andere voor deelvraag 2. Ook gebruiken we veel op internet gepubliceerde onderzoeken, onder andere om argumenten te kunnen vormen voor en tegen de instelling van een quotum voor deelvraag 3. De tweede manier waarop we aan onze informatie komen is onze enquà ªte. Met de enquà ªte willen we te weten komen hoe de bevolking tegen het aantal vrouwen in topfuncties kijkt en hoe de bevolking kijkt tegen de instelling van een quotum. De uitkomsten van deze enquà ªte verwerken we in paragraaf 5. Tenslotte de vraag: wat heeft het profielwerkstuk voor ons voor nut gehad? Het belangrijkste wat we van het profielwerkstuk hebben geleerd, is tijdsplanning Het profielwerkstuk is een groot project waar 80 uur per persoon in moet zitten. We zijn rond september 2009 begonnen en de enige echte deadline die we hadden was 1 maart 2010. Om op 1 maart een goed profielwerkstuk te kunnen inleveren is tijdsplanning à ©Ãƒ ©n van de belangrijkste dingen die je nodig hebt. Zonder tijdsplanning kom je op het laatst namelijk ontzettend in tijdsnood en dat komt je werk nooit ten goede. Natuurlijk hebben we de afgelopen jaren op school al heel veel geleerd over tijdsplanning, maar het profielwerkstuk is het laatste, grootste project waarin dit tot uiting komt. 2. Wat is een topfunctie? In deze paragraaf gaat het om het definià «ren van een topfunctie. Ondanks dat er een bepaald beeld hangt rondom het woord topfunctie, workaholics met een hoog salaris en ze zijn erg belangrijk voor het bedrijf, is het moeilijk uit te leggen wat een topfunctie nou precies is. Dat het lastig is om een topfunctie te definià «ren, komt doordat er geen duidelijke maatstaaf is die voor elke sector gelijk is voor wanneer een functie een topfunctie is en wanneer de functie behoort tot een middenfunctie. Dit verschilt namelijk per sector en bedrijf. Het ligt aan de omvang en gelaagdheid van het bedrijf, dus kan een functie in het ene bedrijf wel tot een topfunctie gerekend worden, maar in een ander bedrijf niet. Een oplossing hiervoor zou kunnen zijn om te definià «ren aan de hand van afgeleide indicatoren, bijvoorbeeld salarisniveau. Maar ook dit is lastig, omdat afgeleide indicatoren vaak geen betrouwbare maatstaaf zijn. Salarissen kunnen namelijk per sector of bedrijf verschillen: mensen met dezelfde functie verdienen niet per definitie hetzelfde salaris. Een voorbeeld hiervan is het verschil tussen het salaris van mannen en vrouwen en het gemeten aantal vrouwen in topfuncties kan hierdoor dus te laag uitvallen. Een ander criterium voor een topfunctie zou de functie-inhoud kunnen zijn, bijvoorbeeld in welke mate de werknemer beslissingsbevoegd is of over hoeveel mensen hij/zij leiding geeft. Hier zit men echter met hetzelfde probleem. Het is onmogelijk om een beschrijving van de functie-inhoud te maken die voor elke sector en elk soort bedrijf te hanteren is. Het is nu dus duidelijk dat topfuncties in verschillende sectoren niet over een kam te scheren zijn. Daarom worden topfuncties vaak gecategoriseerd in de volgende categorieà «n: het bedrijfsleven, het maatschappelijk middenveld, politiek en openbare functies. In het bedrijfsleven wordt vaak het hoogste orgaan van het bedrijf, dus degene die de dagelijkse leiding in handen heeft, als de echte top top gezien. Dit hoogste orgaan wordt de raad van bestuur of raad van directie genoemd. Ook hoort het orgaan dat toezicht houdt op het functioneren van het bedrijf tot topfuncties. Dit orgaan wordt aangeduid met verschillende namen, het vaakst met de naam raad van commissarissen, maar ook wel met de raad van toezicht, of de raad van advies. Het maatschappelijk middenveld houdt de non-profitsector in, dus de instellingen die winst maken niet als doelstelling hebben. De non-profitsector hebben we in dit geval opgesplitst in de delen: onderwijs, sociaaleconomische instellingen en zorg en welzijn. In het onderwijs behoren de managementfuncties in het basis- middelbaar- en hoger beroepsonderwijs en hoogleraren tot topfuncties. In de sociaaleconomische sector en zorg en welzijn worden dezelfde namen als in het bedrijfsleven gehanteerd, dus raad van bestuur en raad van commissarissen. In de politiek worden de leden van de Eerste en Tweede Kamer tot topfuncties gerekend, evenals de gedeputeerden in de provinciebesturen en Commissarissen van de Koningin. In de lokale politiek bekleed men een topfunctie als burgemeesters of lid van het bestuur van de waterschappen. Het openbaar bestuur bestaat uit de rechterlijke macht, Raad van State, Algemene Rekenkamer, het politiekorps en de Sociaaleconomische Raad (SER). In de rechterlijke macht bekleden rechters en officieren van justitie topfuncties en de politietop bestaat uit iedereen met schaal 14 of hoger. Tenslotte is er de ambtelijke top. In de overheid behoren de functies van secretarissen-generaal, directeuren-generaal, topambtenaren, statengriffiers, gemeentesecretarissen en secretarissen waterschappen tot topfuncties. 3. Huidige situatie van vrouwen op de arbeidsmarkt en in topfuncties In deze deelvraag wordt beschreven hoe het de afgelopen jaren ervoor staat met vrouwen in topfuncties. Om dit helder te krijgen gaat het eerst over hoe vrouwen staan op de totale arbeidsmarkt, dus: wat is de arbeidsdeelname van vrouwen, hoeveel werken er voltijd en hoeveel deeltijd, hoe zijn vrouwen verdeeld over de verschillende opleidingsniveaus, hoe gaat het met de combinatie van zorgen voor kinderen en werk en ten slotte hoe is het inkomen van vrouwen ten opzichte van mannen. Daarna wordt het verkleind van de gehele arbeidsmarkt naar topfuncties, dus: hoeveel topfuncties worden er bekleed door vrouwen en wat zijn de redenen voor dit aantal vrouwen in topfuncties. In deze deelvraag wordt gebruik gemaakt van gegevens uit 2007 en 2008, omdat recenter nog niet beschikbaar is. Sommige gegevens uit 2008 zijn ook niet te verkrijgen, daarom wordt er in die gevallen over 2007 gesproken. Het grootste deel van de gegevens komt uit de emancipatiemonitor 2008 van het Centraal Bureau voor Statistiek (CBS). 3.1 Hoe is de situatie nu met vrouwen op de totale arbeidsmarkt? Arbeidsparticipatie In 2008 telt Nederland 5.454.000 vrouwen tussen 15 en 65. De netto arbeidsparticipatie van deze vrouwen is in 2008 59%, dat betekent een stijging van 1,8% ten opzichte van 2007. Absoluut gezien houdt dit in dat er 3.217.860 werkende vrouwen zijn in 2008. Als de netto arbeidsdeelname van vrouwen op deze manier door blijft groeien, wordt het streefcijfer van de overheid van 65% in 2010 niet gehaald. De netto arbeidsparticipatie is het laagst onder vrouwen tussen 55 tot en met 65 jaar, vrouwen met alleen basisonderwijs en Turkse en Marokkaanse vrouwen. 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Streefwaarde 52,3 53,5 54,8 56,0 57,3 58,5 59,6 61,0 62,3 63,5 65,0 Realisatie 52,0 53,0 53,0 53,0 53,0 53,0 55,0 57,0 [1] Naast netto arbeidsparticipatie is er ook de bruto arbeidsparticipatie, bij de bruto arbeidsparticipatie worden niet alleen de werkende bevolking meegerekend maar ook de werkzoekenden. In 2008 is er een bruto arbeidsparticipatie van 62% en dit is een stijging van 1,3% ten opzichte van 2007. Met een gelijkblijvende ontwikkeling kan het streefcijfer van 74% in 2016 wel worden gerealiseerd. Van de vrouwen van 15 tot 65 jaar met een baan van 12 uur of meer per week werkt 69% in deeltijd en dit is zo goed als gelijk gebleven aan 2007. Wel is er een verschuiving van kleine naar (middel)grote deeltijdbanen. Het gemiddelde aantal werkuren per week is in 2007 24,8 uur. 69% Van de werkende vrouwen heeft dus een deeltijdbaan, dit is ontzettend hoog vergeleken met het buitenland. Duitsland komt nog het dichts bij Nederland in de buurt met 49%. Het werkloosheidpercentage ligt bij vrouwen iets lager dan bij mannen, namelijk 6% tegenover 4% in 2007. En arbeidsongeschiktheid komt even veel voor bij mannen als bij vrouwen. Opleidingsniveau In het schooljaar 2007/2008 volgden ruim 900.000 leerlingen een opleiding in het voortgezet onderwijs, de verhouding tussen man en vrouw is hier ongeveer gelijk. Meisjes volgen minder vaak dan jongens het VMBO: van de meisjes volgden 27% een basis- of kaderberoepsgerichte leerweg tegenover 32% van de jongens. Meisjes gaan ook vaker naar de havo dan jongens, 24% van de meisjes kiest voor de havo versus 23% van de jongens. De percentages binnen het vwo liggen verder uit elkaar, 23% van de meisjes koos namelijk voor het vwo en dit staat tegenover 19% van de jongens. In schooljaar 2006/2007 slaagden vrouwen gemiddeld op hogere mbo-niveaus dan mannen. Van alle vrouwen die slaagden op het MBO had 70% een diploma op niveau 3 of 4, dit was bij mannen 55%. In schooljaar 2007/2008 was zowel op het HBO als op het WO 51% van de studenten vrouw. Vrouwen studeren over het algemeen sneller af dan mannen. Op het HBO was 65% van de vrouwen die in 2007 afstudeerden 5 jaar geleden begonnen aan de studie en bij de mannen was dit 51%. Op het WO was dit ongeveer 75% van de vrouwen die hun studie in 6 jaar hadden afgerond tegenover 60% van de mannen. Combinatie zorg en werk De komst van kinderen zorgt in veel gezinnen voor een verandering in de verdeling van de arbeid. In 2007 ging circa 33% van de vrouwen minder werken door de komst van hun eerste kind en 10% van de vrouwen stopte helemaal met werken. Laag opgeleide vrouwen doen dit vaker (17%) dan middelbaar (9%) en hoogopgeleide vrouwen (8%). 40% Van de moeders in 2007 bleef evenveel werken of ging zelfs meer werken. Hierbij moet wel worden gezegd dat het hier vooral gaat om kleine of middelgrote deeltijdbanen, dus deeltijdbanen tussen de 12 en 27 uur per week. Vooral vrouwen met een voltijdbaan of een grote deeltijdbaan gingen minder werken. In tegenstelling tot vrouwen blijft 90% van de mannen evenveel werken als voor de komst van het eerste kind. Naast helemaal niet (meer) werken, komt dus het werken in deeltijd voor. Deeltijdbanen worden het meest uitgevoerd door vrouwen met kinderen. Bij 7% van de paren tussen de 25 en 49 jaar werken beide ouders in voltijd, terwijl 53% voor een combinatie van voltijd en deeltijd kiest. Vooral de middelgrote deeltijdbaan is relatief populair bij vrouwen na de geboorte van het eerste kind. Ruim 25% van de moeders werkte na de geboorte in een middelgrote deeltijdbaan. De meerderheid van de bevolking vindt dat voor moeders een deeltijdbaan van hoogstens 3 dagen het meeste ideaal is. Voor vaders wordt een werkweek van vier of vijf dagen het meest ideaal gevonden. Ouderschapsverlof wordt vooral door moeders opgenomen, namelijk 40% van de moeders tegenover 16% van de vaders. Ook is er een verschil tussen opleidingsniveau: 56% van de hoogopgeleide vrouwen neemt ouderschapsverlof en 17% van de laagopgeleide en 33% van de middelbaar opgeleide vrouwen. Om zorg en werk te combineren zijn er verschillende voorzieningen. De formele opvang zoals het kinderdagverblijf, gastouder opvang en buitenschoolse opvang. Daarnaast is er de informele opvang zoals het oppassen door familie of vrienden. Hoogopgeleide ouders maken vooral gebruik van de formele opvang en laag- en middelbaar opgeleide ouders maken iets vaker gebruik van de informele opvang. Inkomen Het eigen inkomen van vrouwen is een stuk lager dan dat van mannen. Dit verschil heeft twee oorzaken: de arbeidsparticipatie van vrouwen, zowel in personen als in uren, is lager dan die van mannen, en vrouwen krijgen vaak een lager loon dan mannen voor hetzelfde werk. In 2007 ontvingen vrouwen 56% voor betaald werk van wat mannen verdienden. Dit is hetzelfde als in 2003 en de inkomensverschillen zijn de afgelopen jaren dus niet afgenomen. In de grafiek staat het inkomen van vrouwen als percentage van dat van mannen in 2007. Er is te zien dat het inkomen van vrouwen altijd lager is dan dat van mannen, behalve in de bijstand. Dit omdat deze uitkering niet gebaseerd is op een eerder verdiend loon, maar op het type huishouding. Onder de bijstandsontvangers zijn veel alleenstaande moeders en die verdienen meer dan alleenstaanden zonder kinderen, daardoor is het inkomen van vrouwen met bijstand gemiddeld iets hoger dan van mannen met bijstand. Ook zijn er grote verschillen in de inkomensverdeling van mannen en vrouwen. Vrouwen hebben vaker een lager inkomen dan mannen, zoals in de grafiek hierboven (uit 2007) te zien is. Er is een piek bij de à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬9.000, dit zijn vooral gehuwde vrouwen met alleen een AOW-uitkering. Ook piekt de grafiek van vrouwen bij de à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬17.000, dit zijn voornamelijk bijstandsmoeders. Bij mannen zijn mindere pieken bij bepaalde inkomens en komen meer hogere inkomens voor dan bij vrouwen. 3.2 Hoe is de situatie nu met vrouwen in topfuncties? Er komt steeds meer aandacht voor het aantal vrouwen in topfuncties. Verschillende organisaties en het kabinet vinden dat er meer vrouwen moeten komen in de top van het bedrijfsleven. Om het aantal vrouwen in topfuncties te vergroten worden verschillende maatregelen overwogen en sommige worden al uitgevoerd. Een voorbeeld hiervan is het Charter Talent naar de top, hiermee legden 47 organisaties zich in 2008 vast om concrete doelstellingen en een plan van aanpak te bedenken om meer vrouwen in topfuncties te laten werken. Ook wordt er gesproken over een quotum voor vrouwen in topfuncties. Het quotum zal inhouden dat in 2012 40% van de topfuncties bekleed moet worden door vrouwen. In het artikel FNV: Quotum vrouwen in topfuncties van de Volkskrant op 2 April 2008 zegt FNV-voorzitter (Federatie Nederlandse Vakbeweging, belangenbehartiger van werknemers) Agnes Jongerius dat Nederland qua aantal vrouwen in topfuncties samen met Botswana ergens onderaan bungelt en dat zonder wettelijke verp lichtingen het percentage niet zal stijgen. Jongerius vindt dat Nederland een voorbeeld aan Noorwegen moet nemen. In Noorwegen is namelijk een quotum ingesteld zodat het wettelijk verplicht wordt voor bedrijven 40% van de functies in raden van commissarissen door vrouwen bezet te hebben. Jongerius vindt dat Nederland een soortgelijk quotum in zou moeten stellen. In Noorwegen is de instelling van het quotum vrij soepel verlopen en tot nu toe zijn de van te voren besproken nadelen nog erg meegevallen. Maar ondanks het gestegen opleidingsniveau van vrouwen en de aandacht van het kabinet en verschillende maatschappelijke organisaties voor het aantal vrouwen in topfuncties neemt het aantal vrouwen in deze functies maar heel langzaam toe. De eerste oorzaak hiervan is te halen uit deelvraag 2.1, namelijk dat de arbeidsparticipatie van vrouwen erg laag is en dat bovendien ook nog eens 69% van deze vrouwen parttime werkt. Deze 69% van de werkende vrouwen valt per definitie al af, omdat een topfunctie de werkuren van een fulltime baan eist en bovendien is er in praktijk geregeld sprake van overwerken. Uit onderzoek van de RUG blijkt dat dit de grootste belemmering is voor vrouwen om door te stromen naar de top. Bovendien wordt een carrià ¨reonderbreking vanwege moederschap op je CV gezien als minpunt. Een tweede oorzaak is dat het in veel bedrijven en organisaties standaard is om mannen aan te nemen voor de hogere functies. Er heerst een zogenoemde blanke mannencultuur waarin vrouwen de uitzondering vormen. Tenslotte zijn er nog oorzaken te noemen die vaak op gevoelskwesties gebaseerd zijn, zoals het gebrek aan vertrouwen in vrouwen en onderwaardering van vrouwelijke kwaliteiten. In 2007 werd 7% van de topfuncties van de 100 grootste bedrijven door vrouwen bekleed. Het streefcijfer van het emancipatiebeleid is 20% in 2010 en met een quotum dus 40% in 2012. Als de groei op deze manier door zal gaan, zal dit streefcijfer uiteraard niet gehaald worden, ook al zijn er de laatste tijd wel steeds meer plannen gemaakt zoals het Charter Talent naar de Top die wellicht invloed zullen hebben op een sterkere stijging van vrouwen in topfuncties. Het aantal vrouwen in managementfuncties in hogere en wetenschappelijke beroepen is hoger, in 2004 was het 21% en in 2007 27%. Van alle leidinggevende is 27% een vrouw, absoluut gezien zijn er 280.000 leidinggevende vrouwen en 768.000 mannen. Het aantal hoogleraren in 2007 is 11% en er wordt gestreefd naar 15% in 2010. In de overheid is het aandeel vrouwen onder hogere en topambtenaren gegroeid van 17% in 2006 tot 20% in 2008. Het streefcijfer voor vrouwelijke topambtenaren is 25% in 2011. Uit een onderzoek van het Centraal Bureau van Statistiek, onderdeel van de emancipatiemonitor 2008, blijkt dat het grootste deel van de bevolking vindt dat er te weinig vrouwen in topfuncties werken en dat dit zou moeten veranderen. Een meerderheid van de vrouwen en een grote minderheid van de mannen vindt dat het aantal vrouwen in topfuncties zou moeten verdubbelen. 4. Oorzaken van sekseverschil in topfuncties 4.1 Wat zijn de oorzaken van het verschil in aantal mannen en vrouwen in topfuncties? Dat er een groot verschil is in het aantal mannen en vrouwen in topfuncties, was te zien in paragraaf 3.2. In deze paragraaf worden een aantal oorzaken van dit verschil behandelt. Het is belangrijk om de oorzaken van de kleine doorstroom vrouwen naar topfuncties te kennen, omdat er dan ook meer gerichte mogelijkheden bedacht kunnen worden om het aantal vrouwen in de top te verhogen. In de literatuur worden de oorzaken van het verschil in mannen en vrouwen in topfuncties verdeeld in vijf soorten en in deze paragraaf zullen we deze vijf soorten ook hanteren. Per soort oorzaak zullen we de belangrijkste oorzaken noemen en uitleggen. De soorten oorzaken zijn als volgt ingedeeld[2]: 4.1.1. Macro-economisch en sociaal-cultureel 4.1.2. Organisatiecultuur 4.1.3. Organisatiebeleid 4.1.4. Persoonlijkheid 4.1.5. Loopbaan- en levensloopkeuzes. 4.1.1 Macro-economisch en sociaal-cultureel De eerste oorzaak is dat het voor de niet of minst verdienende partner vaak niet loont om (meer) te gaan werken, omdat het extra verdiende loon maar weinig bijdraagt aan het gezinsinkomen. Dit komt door de marginale lastendruk[3]. In Nederland is sprake van een progressieve inkomstenbelasting, dus wanneer men meer verdient, moet men ook meer belasting betalen. Ook zijn bijvoorbeeld de kosten van kinderopvang en de hoogte van een huurtoeslag afhankelijk van het inkomen, dus bij een hoger loon worden dit soort voordelen kleiner. Door deze marginale lastendruk wegen in veel gezinnen de lasten (het werken) niet op tegen de baten (de inkomsten), omdat de baten niet evenredig groeien met de lasten en dus zal de niet of minst verdienende partner niet (meer) gaan werken. De niet of minst verdienende partner is vaak de vrouw, want zij heeft gemiddeld een lager uurloon dan de man en het aantal vrouwen dat (tijdelijk) stopt of minder gaat werken is vele malen hoger dan het aantal mannen die dit doen. Doordat er in veel gezinnen hierom wordt gekozen om de vrouw niet of minder te laten werken dan de man, stromen er ook minder vrouwen door naar de top, omdat hiervoor een fulltime baan nodig is en het aanbod vrouwen voor topfuncties kleiner is. Een tweede oorzaak is dat het voor veel gezinnen lastig is om zorg en werk te combineren. Een voorbeeld waaruit blijkt dat zorg en werk lastig te combineren kan zijn is het niet gelijk lopen van school- en werktijden. Bovendien is er een gebrek aan goede en betaalbare kinderopvang, volgens SEO Economisch Onderzoek[4]. Ook is het in de Nederlandse cultuur gewoon dat Nederlandse vrouwen een deel van de zorg zelf willen doen[5]. Door deze punten blijven veel vrouwen (gedeeltelijk) thuis om voor de kinderen te zorgen, waardoor minder vrouwen een fulltime baan bekleden en het aanbod vrouwen voor topfuncties dus weer kleiner is. 4.1.2. Organisatiecultuur Met organisatiecultuur wordt de cultuur in het bedrijf of in de organisatie bedoelt. Hier spelen barrià ¨res die vrouwen tegenkomen tijdens hun doorstroom naar de top en vooroordelen om vrouwen een rol. Voorbeelden van barrià ¨res die vrouwen tegenkomen tijdens hun doorstroom naar de top zijn het glazen plafond en de heersende mannencultuur in topfuncties. Het glazen plafond betekent dat mannen vaker mannen aannemen dan vrouwen en daardoor is het lastig voor vrouwen dit glazen plafond te doorbreken. Het glazen plafond wordt in stand gehouden doordat er vooral mannen op de hogere managementfuncties zitten en dus zijn het vooral de mannen die in de positie zijn om mensen aan te nemen. De heersende mannencultuur in de top heeft ook op een andere manier invloed op de kleine doorstroom vrouwen naar topfuncties. Naar mate vrouwen hoger op de carrià ¨reladder komen, komen ze in een steeds sterker wordende mannencultuur. Om zich te kunnen blijven handhaven, passen ze zich aan, aan deze mannencultuur[6]. Dit wordt vervolgens niet gewaardeerd, omdat hun vrouwelijk kwaliteiten hierdoor verloren gaan en ze nooit een beter man zullen zijn dan de echte mannen die al in deze functies aanwezig zi jn. Ook wordt een mannelijke manier van leidinggeven, dus een directe stijl van leidinggeven, door een vrouw als negatiever ervaren dan wanneer een man op deze manier leiding geeft[7]. Ook heersen er in de cultuur van bedrijven en organisaties vooroordelen om vrouwen. Er wordt vaak uitgegaan van stereotypen mannen en vrouwen. In het bestand Oorzaken van beperkte in- en doorstroom van vrouwen[8] wordt door Karin Jettinghoff, Guurtje van Sloten en Cristel van de Ven (2005) het volgende over deze vooroordelen gezegd: Stereotype denkbeelden over mannen en vrouwen (bijvoorbeeld: vrouwen zijn zorgzaam, emotioneel en afhankelijk van anderen terwijl mannen onafhankelijk, besluitvaardig en charismatisch zijn) zorgen er voor dat mannen vaker uitdagende taken krijgen toegewezen dan vrouwen. Het uitvoeren van uitdagende taken is een belangrijke voorspellende factor voor doorstroom; In Europa wordt het algemene beeld van de ideale manager vooral gekarakteriseerd aan de hand van mannelijke eigenschappen, als charismatisch, ambitieus en ondernemend. Deze percepties maken dat men mannen vaak eerder ziet als geschikte kandidaat voor een leidinggevende functie dan vrouwen. (blz. 1) Hieruit blijkt dus dat de stereotype denkbeelden en vooroordelen leiden tot een kleinere doorstroom vrouwen naar topfuncties. Vrouwen worden door deze denkbeelden en vooroordelen minder in de mogelijkheid gesteld door te stromen. 4.1.3. Organisatiebeleid Met organisatiebeleid wordt het gevoerde beleid door bedrijven of organisaties bedoelt. Het gevoerde organisatiebeleid kan leiden tot een kleinere doorstroom vrouwen naar topfuncties wanneer er geen emancipatiebeleid wordt gevoerd, beloningsverschillen tussen mannen en vrouwen worden gehanteerd[9] en wanneer er een gebrek is aan voldoende en kwalitatieve stimulatie van vrouwen door leidinggevenden[10]. Dat het ontbreken van de uitvoering van een emancipatiebeleid en beloningsverschillen tussen mannen en vrouwen leidt tot een kleinere doorstroom vrouwen naar topfuncties, spreekt voor zich. Met het gebrek aan onvoldoende, kwalitatieve stimulatie wordt bedoelt dat wanneer ambities van vrouwen niet voldoende worden gestimuleerd, de ambitie van vrouwen daalt. Uit het onderzoek Ambitie kent geen tijd door Research voor Beleid in opdracht van TaskForce DeeltijdPlus blijkt dat wanneer je steun krijgt van je leidinggevende en bevestigd wordt in je eigen ambities, je sterkere ambities hebt.[11] Dus het gebrek aan stimulatie van ambities door leidinggevenden, kan leiden tot een kleinere doorstroom vrouwen naar de top, omdat ambities van vrouwen dan worden weggenomen. 4.1.4. Persoonlijkheid Op dit gebied komen de verschillen tussen mannen en vrouwen in persoonlijkheid naar boven. Lastig is om aan te geven wat op vooroordelen berust en welke persoonlijkheidsverschillen echt waar zijn, omdat dit ook weer van persoon tot persoon verschilt. Toch blijken sommige verschillen in karaktereigenschappen uit verschillende tests te komen en dus zal dit voor een groot deel van de mannen en vrouwen wel kloppen. Hieronder zullen een aantal verschillen in karaktereigenschappen behandelt worden om te laten zien dat ook dit invloed heeft op de doorstroom van vrouwen naar topfuncties. Vrouwen zijn minder onderhandelingvaardig. Dit wordt geconstateerd door verschillende onderzoeken. Zo ook in het artikel Wat houdt vrouwen tegen? op de website van intermediair[12] (2004): Ze hadden misschien iets andere functies, maar het ging wel om banen op hetzelfde niveau. Het bleek dus dat de mannen hun salaris gewoon beter hadden uitonderhandeld. Vrouwen zijn bang dat flink onderhandelen ten koste gaat van hun relatie met de leidinggevende. Mannen hebben daar geen last van, die willen betaald worden voor hun positie, zegt Bà ¼hrs. Sterker nog: mannen hebben waardering voor iemand die pittig kan onderhandelen. Ze zien het als een onderdeel van het spel. En daarmee raken we aan de kern van de vraag waarom zoveel vrouwen afhaken: de moeite die ze hebben met het politieke spel op kantoor. Dat vrouwen minder onderhandelingsvaardig zijn dan mannen, kan leiden tot minder vrouwen die doorstromen naar de top. Vrouwen zijn beter in minder zichtbare punten, zoals samenwerken en een goede relatie opbouwen met de tegenpartij. Mannen zijn meer gericht op het eindresultaat, vrouwen meer op de manier waarop dit eindresultaat wordt behaalt.[13] Ook blijkt uit een onderzoek van psycholoog De Pater[14], dat vrouwen wel ambitieus genoeg zijn, maar zich hier niet altijd naar gedragen. Vrouwen nemen liever niet te veel risico, waardoor ze uitdagingen vaak mijden, terwijl mannen ze juist opzoeken. Om hoger op te komen is het echter nodig om zo af en toe risicos te nemen en uitdagingen dus aan te nemen. 4.1.5. Loopbaan- en levensloopkeuzes. Het laatste soort oorzaak dat invloed heeft op het aantal vrouwen in topfuncties is de loopbaan- en levensloopkeuzes. De grootste twee oorzaken binnen dit hokje zijn dat er meer vrouwen dan mannen parttime werken en dat vooral vrouwen arbeid en zorg willen combineren.[15] De keuze om in deeltijd te gaan werken, heeft een grote invloed op het wel of niet doorstromen naar de top. Een topfuncties eist minimaal de uren van een fulltime baan en dus vallen deeltijdwerkende vrouwen af om door te groeien naar de top, tenzij zij hun arbeidspatroon zouden willen veranderen. Ditzelfde geldt voor vrouwen die werk en zorg willen combineren. 5. Quotum 5.1 Waarom zou de overheid een quotum voor het aantal vrouwen in topfuncties in willen stellen? Bij de

School: Law and Renewable Energy Technologies

SUGGESTED ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY THESIS STATEMENTS POWER AND THE INDIVIDUAL/SOCIETY 1- Same sex marriages should be legalized. 2- Same sex marriages should not be legalized. 3- The production and sale of cigarettes should be illegal. 4- The production and sale of cigarettes should not be illegal. 5- Military service should be compulsory. 6- Military service should not be compulsory. POWER AND NATIONS 1- Religion is the main cause of wars. 2- Religion does not cause wars. 3- Turkey should ban trade with China. 4- Turkey should not ban trade with China. – The most powerful nation on Earth is __________. POWER AND LAW ENFORCEMENT 1- Gambling should be legalized. 2- Gambling should not be legalized. 3- Juvenile offenders should be tried and punished as adults. 4- Juvenile offenders should not be tried and punished as adults. 5- Law enforcement cameras are an invasion of privacy. 6- Law enforcement cameras are not an invasion of privacy. 7- Convicted sex offenders should be exposed. 8 - Convicted sex offenders should not be exposed. 9- Sex offenders should be castrated. 10- Sex offenders should not be castrated. 1- Intellectual property should be protected under the law. 12- Intellectual property should not be protected under the law. 13- Current intellectual property rights laws negatively impact the development of new technologies. POWER AND THE MEDIA 1- The Turkish media is biased. 2- The Turkish media is not biased. 3- File sharing programs should be banned. 4- File sharing programs should not be banned. 5- Social networking sites are a threat to personal privacy. 6- Social networking sites are not a threat to personal privacy. 7- The government should censor Internet content that is deemed inappropriate. – The government should not censor Internet content. 9- Advertisements are informative. 10- Advertisements are manipulative. 11- Censorship is a threat to democracy. 12- Censorship is a must. POWER AND THE ENVIRONMENT 1- Recycling should be mandatory. 2- Recycling should not be mandatory. 3- Governments should mandate the shift to biofuels. 4- Governments should not mandate the shift to biofuels. 5- Pesticides should be used in agriculture. 6- Pesticides should not be used in agriculture. 7- Governments should support sustainable agriculture. – Governments should not support sustainable agriculture. 9- Renewable energy technologies (wind energy, hydroelectricity, biomass, and solar power) should be stimulated by governments. 10- Renewable energy technologies (wind energy, hydroelectricity, biomass, and solar power) should not be stimulated by governments. POWER AND EDUCATION 1- Creationism/ evolution should be taught in schools. 2- Creationism/evolution should not be taught in schools. 3- Religious education should be mandatory. 4- Religious education should be optional. 5- Foreign language instruction should begin in kindergarten. – Foreign language instruction should not begin in kindergarten. 7- Sex education sh ould be included in the secondary education curriculum. 8- Sex education should not be included in the secondary education curriculum. 9- Homeschooling is a better option to public schools. 10- Public schools are a better option to homeschooling. 11- School uniforms should be mandatory. 12- School uniforms should not be mandatory. The following topics are banned!!! nuclear power plants globalization global warming animal testing death penalty euthanasia internet addiction genetically modified organisms [pic]

Female Stereotypes in the Media Essay

Persons with Disabilities Media Portrayals of Girls and Women: Introduction We all know the stereotypes—the femme fatale, the supermom, the sex kitten, the nasty corporate climber. Whatever the role, television, film and popular magazines are full of images of women and girls who are typically white, desperately thin, and made up to the hilt—even after slaying a gang of vampires or dressing down a Greek legion. Many would agree that some strides have been made in how the media portray women in film, television and magazines, and that the last 20 years has also seen a growth in the presence and influence of women in media behind the scenes. Nevertheless, female stereotypes continue to thrive in the media we consume every day. This section of the site provides a snapshot of the issues around the media’s portrayal of women and girls—from effects on body image and self-identity to ramifications in sports and politics. It looks at the economic interests behind the objectification and eroticization of females by the media as well as efforts to counter negative stereotyping. And it provides the latest articles and studies that explore the ways in which media both limit and empower women and girls in society. Media Portrayals of Men and Masculinity: Introduction â€Å"When I was born, they looked at me and said: ‘What a good boy, what a smart boy, what a strong boy! ‘ And when you were born, they looked at you and said:’What a good girl, what a smart girl, what a pretty girl! ‘† â€Å"What A Good Boy,† The Barenaked Ladies For several decades now, media critics and feminists alike have been examining the role of the media in creating and reinforcing stereotypical representations of women and femininity. But only recently have they expanded the research to consider how the media also construct, inform and reinforce prevalent ideas about men and masculinity. This section addresses the representation of men and masculinity in the media. It covers topics such as media stereotypes, the prevalence of male characters in TV and film, and male authority in media news coverage; and it addresses the role that the media play in shaping attitudes about masculinity. The section also provides links to articles and reports on these topics. Media Portrayals of Gays and Lesbians: Introduction Media educators Larry Gross and George Gerbner argue that the media participate in the â€Å"symbolic annihilation† of gays and lesbians by negatively stereotyping them (often consigning them  to the margins of entertainment media, playing either â€Å"colourful† and â€Å"flamboyant† characters or dangerous psychopaths), by rarely portraying them realistically, or by not portraying them at all. Gross and Gerbner argue that the commercial structure of the mass media limits the opportunity for representing diverse characters. Too often networks and film companies shy away from portraying gays and lesbians for fear of alienating or offending advertisers, investors, and audiences. This section addresses the portrayal of gays and lesbians in news, advertising and entertainment media. It also examines homophobia in the media, and provides examples of gay-positive media. Media on Women – Images and Influences It’s no secret that women compare themselves to the female images they see portrayed on television, film, and advertising. At both the conscious and subconscious level, these media images of women lower self-esteem and affect behavior at every age and stage of life. We know they’re unrealistic, yet they exert pressure on women to conform, and influence how we live, love, work and play. Oprah Winfrey – Talk Show Host Oprah Changed Face of Television Before Oprah, you had to look a certain way to be on TV. As a pop culture icon and media pioneer, talk show host Oprah has changed the face of television, and women (and men) love her for it.